wong jowo

Yen sira kasinungan ngelmu kang marakake akeh wong seneng, aja sira malah rumangsa pinter, jalaran menawa Gusti mundhut bali ngelmu kang marakake sira kaloka iku, sira uga banjur kaya wong sejene, malah bisa aji godhong jati aking.(Bila anda mendapat anugrah ilmu yang membuat banyak orang senang, janganlah kamu merasa pintar, sebab apabila Tuhan mengambil lagi ilmu yang menyebabkan anda terkenal itu, anda akan menjadi orang biasa lagi, malah lebih bermanfaat daun yang kering)

Saturday, December 1, 2012

Kunci Identifikasi Insekta

Kunci Determinasi
Untuk memudahkan menelusuri tahapan klasifikasi suatu organisme dapat digunakan kunci determinasi. Kunci determinasi adalah uraian keterangan tentang ciri-ciri makhluk hidup yang disusun berurut mulai dari ciri umum hingga ke ciri khusus untuk menemukan kelompok/spesies makhluk hidup. Urutan daftar ciri-ciri itu disusun berupa nomor-nomor, biasanya bersifat dikotom. Lalu, bagaimana cara menggunakannya ? Untuk menggunakan kunci determinasi, mula-mula kamu harus mengetahui nama bagian yang diamati. Kemudian cocokkan dengan ciri-ciri yang ada pada kunci determinasi. kunci determinasi juga kadang disebut kunci Identifikasi

	(insect with one pair of wings)
1a	Insect with wings (though forewings may be partly or entirely stiffened as 'wing-covers' or 'wing-cases' and not used in flight)	2
1b	Insect without wings (though some forms may retain vestigial wings resembling small scales or pads)	32
2a	One pair of wings	3
2b	Two pairs of wings	9
3a	Dorsal surface of the prothorax extended backwards over the abdomen; hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance	Orthoptera
3b	Insect not like this	4
4a	Wings horny or leathery (stiffened) and not used for flying	5
4b	Wings membranous (flexible) and used for flying	6
5a	Wings overlapping at least a little in the centre-line and with obvious veins present	Phasmida
5b	Wings (elytra) meeting in the centre-line (sometimes fused together) and without veins (elytra may have longitudinal grooves or striae which should not be confused with veins)	Coleoptera
6a	Abdomen with one or more long terminal appendages	7
6b	Abdomen without terminal appendages	8
7a	Wings with only one forked vein; antennae relatively long; small insect usually less than 5 mm long	Hemiptera
7b	Wings with many veins; antenae short; alrge insect	Ephemeroptera
8a	Thorax with a pair of club-shaped structures (halteres) lying just in front of the wings	Strepsiptera
8b	Thorax with a pair of club-shaped structures (halteres) lying just behind the wings (may be hidden by body hairs and other structures)	Diptera
	(insect with two pairs of wings)
9a	Forewings partly or entirely horny or leathery and forming stiffened covers for the membranous hindwings	10
9b	Both pairs of wings membranous (flexible) and used for flying (though wings sometimes feather-like rather than membranous or their membranous nature may be obscured by a dense covering of hairs, scales or waxy powder)	16
10a	Mouth-parts forming a tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use)	Hemiptera
10b	Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and chewing	11
11a	Forewings overlapping at least a little in the centre-line and usually with many veins present	12
11b	Forewings (elytra) meeting in the centre-line and without veins (though elytra may have longitudinal grooves or striae which should not be confused with veins)	14
12a	Hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance	Orthoptera
12b	Hind-legs not modified for jumping and usually similar in thickness to the middle-legs; insect not grasshopper-like	13
13a	Prothorax much larger than the head; cerci nearly always many-segmented and fairly prominent	Dyctioptera
13b	Prothorax and head of similar size; cerci always unsegmented and very short	Phasmida
14a	Forewings (elytra) long and covering all or most of the abdomen	Coleoptera
14b	Forewings (elytra) short and leaving much of the abdomen exposed	15
15a	Abdomen with a pair of terminal pincers or forceps	Dermaptera
15b	Abdomen without terminal pincers	Coleoptera
16a	Wings very narrow without veins and fringed with long hairs (feather-like); tarsi 1- or 2-segmented (small slender insect often found in flowers)	Thysanoptera
16b	Wings broader with veins present; if wings fringed with long hairs then tarsi comprised of more than 2 segments (though wing veins of some insects may be much reduced and hardly visible or partly obscured by hairs, scales or waxy powder)	17
17a	Hindwings noticeably smaller than forewings	18
17b	Both pairs of wings similar in size or hindwings larger than forewings	26
18a	Wings and much of the body covered with white waxy powder; tiny insect usually less than 2-3 mm long	19
18b	No such powdery covering	20
19a	Wings held flat over the body at rest; mouth-parts forming a tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use)	Hemiptera
19b	Wings held roof-wise over the body at rest; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting	Neuroptera
20a	Wings more or less covered with minute scales; mouth-parts when present forming a coiled proboscis or 'tongue'	Lepidoptera
20b	Wings usually transparent (without scales though often hairy); mouth-parts not forming a coiled proboscis	21
21a	Forewings with many cross-veins making a network pattern; abdomen with 2 or 3 long thread-like terminal appendages	Ephemeroptera
21b	Forewings with relatively few cross-veins; abdomen usually without or with only very short terminal appendages (cerci)	22
22a	Wings noticeably covered with hairs; insect moth-like in general appearance	Trichoptera
22b	Wings not noticeably hairy (though may be fringed with hairs or tiny surface hairs may be seen if wings examined under a microscope or strong hand-lens)	23
23a	Mouth-parts forming a tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use; abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end)	Hemiptera
23b	Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and chewing	24
24a	Tarsi 4- or 5-segmented; hard-bodied insects with abdomen often constricted at its base into a petiole or 'waist' (except Symphyta)	Hymonoptera
24b	Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented; small soft-bodied insect	25
25a	Antennae with at least 12 segments	Psocoptera
25b	Antennae with only 9 segments	Zoraptera
26a	Tarsi 5-segmented	27
26b	Tarsi 3- or 4-segmented	29
27a	Wings noticeably covered with hairs; insect moth-like in general appearance	Trichoptera
27b	Wings not noticeably hairy (though tiny hairs may be seen if wings examined under a microscope or strong hand-lens)	28
28a	Front of head extended downwards to form a beak-like structure with jaws (mandibles) at its tip	Mecoptera
28b	No such beak-like extension of the head	Neuroptera
29a	Tarsi 4-segmented	Isoptera
29b	Tarsi 3-segmented	30
30a	Wings noticeably hairy; front tarsi with first segment greatly swollen	Embioptera
30b	Wings not noticeably hairy; front tarsi simple	31
31a	Wings with many cross-veins making a network pattern and held away from the body at rest (either outstretched or folded vertically); antennae short and inconspicuous	Odonata
31b	Wings with relatively few cross-veins and folded flat over the body at rest; antennae long and slender (longer than width of head)	Plecoptera
	(insect without wings)
32a	Small soft-bodied insect living on terrestrial plants with the body encased under a protective shield ('scale') or partly covered with white waxy filaments or powder	Hemiptera
32b	Insect not like this	33
33a	Thoracic legs absent or enclosed in a membrane preventing any movement	(Larvae and pupae of most Orders of Endopterygota)
33b	Thoracic legs present and fully functional	34
34a	Abdomen with false-legs or prolegs (fleshy structures different from and additional to the jointed legs of the thorax); insect caterpillar-like in general appearance	35
34b	Abdomen without prolegs; insect not caterpillar-like	37
35a	No more than 5 pairs of prolegs	Larvae Of lepidoptera
35b	At least 6 pairs of prolegs	36
36a	Head with a single small eye (ocellus) on each side	Larvae of Hymenoptera
36b	Head with several small eyes (ocelli) on each side	Larvae of Mecoptera
37a	Insect living in a terrestrial habitat or on the surface of water (not underwater)	38
37b	Insect truly aquatic (living underwater)	70
38a	Abdomen with cerci or other terminal appendages (take care not to confuse terminal hairs or bristles with cerci)	39
38b	Abdomen without such terminal appendages (though may have small appendages on proximal segments or a pair of tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end)	56
39a	Abdomen with 6 segments or fewer; usually with a forked terminal appendage (springing organ) folded under the rear end when not in use	Collembola
39b	Abdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible); terminal appendages of a different form	40
40a	Antennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head)	41
40b	Antennae long and conspicuous (usually much longer than the head)	42
41a	Tarsi with at least 3 segments (usually 5-segmented)	Phasmida
41b	Tarsi with fewer than 3 segments (often reduced to single or paired claws on the end of each leg)	Larvae of Coleoptera
42a	Hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance	Orthoptera
42b	Hind-legs not modified for jumping and usually similar in thickness to the middle-legs; insect not grasshopper-like	43
43a	Terminal appendages of abdomen forming a pair of pincers or forceps	44
43b	Terminal appendages of abdomen not like this	45
44a	Tarsi 3-segmented	Dermaptera
44b	Tarsi 1-segmented	Diplura
45a	Terminal appendages of abdomen long (much more than half the length of the abdomen)	46
45b	Terminal appendages of abdomen short (less than half the length of the abdomen)	48
46a	Abdomen with 3 terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament)	Thysanura
46b	Abdomen with 2 terminal appendages (cerci)	47
47a	Tarsi 3-segmented; terminal appendages of abdomen (cerci) unsegmented	Dermaptera
47b	Tarsi 1-segmented; terminal appendages of abdomen (cerci) many-segmented	Diplura
48a	Tarsi usually 5-segmented(though sometimes fewer on regenerated legs of Phasmida)	49
48b	Tarsi with fewer than 5 segments on all legs	52
49a	Front of head extended downwards to form a beak-like structure with jaws (mandibles) at its tip	Mecoptera
49b	No such beak-like extension of the head	50
50a	Prothorax much larger than the head	Dyctioptera
50b	Prothorax and head of similar size (prothorax at most only slightly larger than the head)	51
51a	Cerci 8-segmented and moderately long	Grylloblattodea
51b	Cerci unsegmented and very short	Phasmida
52a	Tarsi usually 4-segmented	Isoptera
52b	Tarsi with fewer than 4 segments	53
53a	Tarsi 1-segmented	Diplura
53b	Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented	54
54a	Tarsi 2-segmented	Zoraptera
54b	Tarsi 3-segmented	55
55a	Front tarsi with first segment greatly swollen; cerci 2-segmented	Embioptera
55b	Front tarsi not swollen; cerci unsegmented	Phasmida
	(insect without wings - terrestrial - no terminal appendages)
56a	Insect living as a parasite on a warm-blooded animal or closely associated with such an animal (i.e. on the body or in the nest or den of a bird or mammal)	57
56b	Insect not parasitic on a warm-blooded animal	61
57a	Body flattened from side to side (jumping insect)	Shiponaptera
57b	Body flattened from top to bottom	58
58a	Head partly withdrawn into the thorax	59
58b	Head not withdrawn into the thorax	60
59a	Antennae short and inconspicuous (much shorter than the head); legs with strong and distinctly hooked tarsal claws	Diptera
59b	Antennae long and conspicuous (more than twice the length of the head); legs with small and only slightly curved tarsal claws	Hemiptera
60a	At least the prothorax distinct from the other thoracic segments; legs with small tarsal claws; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting	Mallophaga
60b	All the thoracic segments fused into a single unit; legs with large tarsal claws which can close tightly against the legs; mouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis for piercing and sucking (proboscis retracted within the head when not in use)	Siphunculata
61a	Antennae absent(minute soil-living insects usually less than 2 mm long)	Protura
61b	Antennae present	62
62a	Abdomen strongly constricted at its base into a narrow petiole or 'waist'; antennae often bent into an elbowed shape	Hymenoptera
62b	Abdomen not constricted into a 'waist'; antennae more or less straight	63
63a	Body covered with dense scales and flattened hairs	Lepidoptera
63b	Body bare or with sparse bristle-like hairs	64
64a	Mouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis or rostrum for piercing and/or sucking (often folded backwards under the head when not in use)	65
64b	Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing	67
65a	Tarsi usually 5-segmented	Diptera
65b	Tarsi with fewer than 5 segments	66
66a	Proboscis small and cone shaped (much shorter in length than the head) (small slender insect often found in flowers)	Thysanoptera
66b	Proboscis or rostrum long and jointed (nearly always longer than the head) (abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end)	Hemiptera
67a	Antennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head)	68
67b	Antennae long and conspicuous (much longer than the head)	69
68a	Abdomen with 6 segments or fewer	Collembola
68b	Abdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible)	Larvae of Variuor order
69a	Head narrower than the body; mandibles very long and protruding forward well in front of the head (clearly visible from above)	Larvae of Neuroptera
69b	Head as wide or nearly as wide as the body; mandibles small and not protruding in front of the head (not visible from above)	Psocoptera
	(insect without wings - aquatic)
70a	Mouth-parts with a tube-like 'beak' or with long stylets for piercing and sucking	71
70b	Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing	72
71a	Mouth-parts forming a robust tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) folded backwards under the body when not in use	Hemiptera
71b	Mouth-parts forming a pair of long and slender stylets extending more or less straight forward in front of the head between the antennae and about as long or longer than the latter	Larvae of Neuroptera
72a	Head with a hinged protrusible grasping organ (or 'mask') bearing large terminal claws (normally folded beneath the head when not in use)	Nymphs of Odonata
72b	No hinged protrusible 'mask' beneath the head	74
73a	Abdomen with pairs of feather-like or flat plate-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and 3 long terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament)	Nymphs of Ephemeroptera
73b	Without these features combined	74
74a	Abdomen without lateral appendages but with 2 long terminal appendages (cerci); antennae long and slender (much longer than the head)	Nymphs of Plecoptera
74b	Without these features combined	75
75a	Abdomen with pairs of multi-jointed feather-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and sometimes a single terminal appendage	Larvae of Neuroptera
75b	Abdomen without lateral appendages (gill filaments) or if such appendages present then always unjointed	76
76a	Last abdominal segment with a pair of fleshy appendages each bearing a strong claw; middle- and hind-legs longer than the width of the thorax; body often enclosed in a tubular case made from small pebbles or other debris	Larvae of Trichoptera
76b	Without these features combined	Larvae of Coleoptera

Created with the HTML Table Generator

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wong jowo

Saturday, December 1, 2012

Kunci Identifikasi Insekta

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