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Saturday, December 1, 2012
Kunci Identifikasi Insekta
Kunci Determinasi
Untuk memudahkan menelusuri tahapan klasifikasi suatu organisme dapat digunakan kunci determinasi. Kunci determinasi adalah uraian keterangan tentang ciri-ciri makhluk hidup yang disusun berurut mulai dari ciri umum hingga ke ciri khusus untuk menemukan kelompok/spesies makhluk hidup. Urutan daftar ciri-ciri itu disusun berupa nomor-nomor, biasanya bersifat dikotom. Lalu, bagaimana cara menggunakannya ? Untuk menggunakan kunci determinasi, mula-mula kamu harus mengetahui nama bagian yang diamati. Kemudian cocokkan dengan ciri-ciri yang ada pada kunci determinasi. kunci determinasi juga kadang disebut kunci Identifikasi
Untuk memudahkan menelusuri tahapan klasifikasi suatu organisme dapat digunakan kunci determinasi. Kunci determinasi adalah uraian keterangan tentang ciri-ciri makhluk hidup yang disusun berurut mulai dari ciri umum hingga ke ciri khusus untuk menemukan kelompok/spesies makhluk hidup. Urutan daftar ciri-ciri itu disusun berupa nomor-nomor, biasanya bersifat dikotom. Lalu, bagaimana cara menggunakannya ? Untuk menggunakan kunci determinasi, mula-mula kamu harus mengetahui nama bagian yang diamati. Kemudian cocokkan dengan ciri-ciri yang ada pada kunci determinasi. kunci determinasi juga kadang disebut kunci Identifikasi
| 1a | Insect with wings (though forewings may be partly or entirely stiffened as 'wing-covers' or 'wing-cases' and not used in flight) | 2 |
| 1b | Insect without wings (though some forms may retain vestigial wings resembling small scales or pads) | 32 |
| 2a | One pair of wings | 3 |
| 2b | Two pairs of wings | 9 |
| 3a | Dorsal surface of the prothorax extended backwards over the abdomen; hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance | Orthoptera |
| 3b | Insect not like this | 4 |
| 4a | Wings horny or leathery (stiffened) and not used for flying | 5 |
| 4b | Wings membranous (flexible) and used for flying | 6 |
| 5a | Wings overlapping at least a little in the centre-line and with obvious veins present | Phasmida |
| 5b | Wings (elytra) meeting in the centre-line (sometimes fused together) and without veins (elytra may have longitudinal grooves or striae which should not be confused with veins) | Coleoptera |
| 6a | Abdomen with one or more long terminal appendages | 7 |
| 6b | Abdomen without terminal appendages | 8 |
| 7a | Wings with only one forked vein; antennae relatively long; small insect usually less than 5 mm long | Hemiptera |
| 7b | Wings with many veins; antenae short; alrge insect | Ephemeroptera |
| 8a | Thorax with a pair of club-shaped structures (halteres) lying just in front of the wings | Strepsiptera |
| 8b | Thorax with a pair of club-shaped structures (halteres) lying just behind the wings (may be hidden by body hairs and other structures) | Diptera |
| (insect with two pairs of wings) | ||
| 9a | Forewings partly or entirely horny or leathery and forming stiffened covers for the membranous hindwings | 10 |
| 9b | Both pairs of wings membranous (flexible) and used for flying (though wings sometimes feather-like rather than membranous or their membranous nature may be obscured by a dense covering of hairs, scales or waxy powder) | 16 |
| 10a | Mouth-parts forming a tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use) | Hemiptera |
| 10b | Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and chewing | 11 |
| 11a | Forewings overlapping at least a little in the centre-line and usually with many veins present | 12 |
| 11b | Forewings (elytra) meeting in the centre-line and without veins (though elytra may have longitudinal grooves or striae which should not be confused with veins) | 14 |
| 12a | Hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance | Orthoptera |
| 12b | Hind-legs not modified for jumping and usually similar in thickness to the middle-legs; insect not grasshopper-like | 13 |
| 13a | Prothorax much larger than the head; cerci nearly always many-segmented and fairly prominent | Dyctioptera |
| 13b | Prothorax and head of similar size; cerci always unsegmented and very short | Phasmida |
| 14a | Forewings (elytra) long and covering all or most of the abdomen | Coleoptera |
| 14b | Forewings (elytra) short and leaving much of the abdomen exposed | 15 |
| 15a | Abdomen with a pair of terminal pincers or forceps | Dermaptera |
| 15b | Abdomen without terminal pincers | Coleoptera |
| 16a | Wings very narrow without veins and fringed with long hairs (feather-like); tarsi 1- or 2-segmented (small slender insect often found in flowers) | Thysanoptera |
| 16b | Wings broader with veins present; if wings fringed with long hairs then tarsi comprised of more than 2 segments (though wing veins of some insects may be much reduced and hardly visible or partly obscured by hairs, scales or waxy powder) | 17 |
| 17a | Hindwings noticeably smaller than forewings | 18 |
| 17b | Both pairs of wings similar in size or hindwings larger than forewings | 26 |
| 18a | Wings and much of the body covered with white waxy powder; tiny insect usually less than 2-3 mm long | 19 |
| 18b | No such powdery covering | 20 |
| 19a | Wings held flat over the body at rest; mouth-parts forming a tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use) | Hemiptera |
| 19b | Wings held roof-wise over the body at rest; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting | Neuroptera |
| 20a | Wings more or less covered with minute scales; mouth-parts when present forming a coiled proboscis or 'tongue' | Lepidoptera |
| 20b | Wings usually transparent (without scales though often hairy); mouth-parts not forming a coiled proboscis | 21 |
| 21a | Forewings with many cross-veins making a network pattern; abdomen with 2 or 3 long thread-like terminal appendages | Ephemeroptera |
| 21b | Forewings with relatively few cross-veins; abdomen usually without or with only very short terminal appendages (cerci) | 22 |
| 22a | Wings noticeably covered with hairs; insect moth-like in general appearance | Trichoptera |
| 22b | Wings not noticeably hairy (though may be fringed with hairs or tiny surface hairs may be seen if wings examined under a microscope or strong hand-lens) | 23 |
| 23a | Mouth-parts forming a tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use; abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end) | Hemiptera |
| 23b | Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and chewing | 24 |
| 24a | Tarsi 4- or 5-segmented; hard-bodied insects with abdomen often constricted at its base into a petiole or 'waist' (except Symphyta) | Hymonoptera |
| 24b | Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented; small soft-bodied insect | 25 |
| 25a | Antennae with at least 12 segments | Psocoptera |
| 25b | Antennae with only 9 segments | Zoraptera |
| 26a | Tarsi 5-segmented | 27 |
| 26b | Tarsi 3- or 4-segmented | 29 |
| 27a | Wings noticeably covered with hairs; insect moth-like in general appearance | Trichoptera |
| 27b | Wings not noticeably hairy (though tiny hairs may be seen if wings examined under a microscope or strong hand-lens) | 28 |
| 28a | Front of head extended downwards to form a beak-like structure with jaws (mandibles) at its tip | Mecoptera |
| 28b | No such beak-like extension of the head | Neuroptera |
| 29a | Tarsi 4-segmented | Isoptera |
| 29b | Tarsi 3-segmented | 30 |
| 30a | Wings noticeably hairy; front tarsi with first segment greatly swollen | Embioptera |
| 30b | Wings not noticeably hairy; front tarsi simple | 31 |
| 31a | Wings with many cross-veins making a network pattern and held away from the body at rest (either outstretched or folded vertically); antennae short and inconspicuous | Odonata |
| 31b | Wings with relatively few cross-veins and folded flat over the body at rest; antennae long and slender (longer than width of head) | Plecoptera |
| (insect without wings) | ||
| 32a | Small soft-bodied insect living on terrestrial plants with the body encased under a protective shield ('scale') or partly covered with white waxy filaments or powder | Hemiptera |
| 32b | Insect not like this | 33 |
| 33a | Thoracic legs absent or enclosed in a membrane preventing any movement | (Larvae and pupae of most |
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Orders of Endopterygota)33bThoracic legs present and fully functional3434aAbdomen with false-legs or prolegs (fleshy structures different from and additional to the jointed legs of the thorax); insect caterpillar-like in general appearance3534bAbdomen without prolegs; insect not caterpillar-like3735aNo more than 5 pairs of prolegsLarvae Of lepidoptera35bAt least 6 pairs of prolegs3636aHead with a single small eye (ocellus) on each sideLarvae of Hymenoptera36bHead with several small eyes (ocelli) on each sideLarvae of Mecoptera37aInsect living in a terrestrial habitat or on the surface of water (not underwater)3837bInsect truly aquatic (living underwater)7038aAbdomen with cerci or other terminal appendages (take care not to confuse terminal hairs or bristles with cerci)3938bAbdomen without such terminal appendages (though may have small appendages on proximal segments or a pair of tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end)5639aAbdomen with 6 segments or fewer; usually with a forked terminal appendage (springing organ) folded under the rear end when not in useCollembola39bAbdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible); terminal appendages of a different form4040aAntennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head)4140bAntennae long and conspicuous (usually much longer than the head)4241aTarsi with at least 3 segments (usually 5-segmented)Phasmida41bTarsi with fewer than 3 segments (often reduced to single or paired claws on the end of each leg)Larvae of Coleoptera42aHind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearanceOrthoptera42bHind-legs not modified for jumping and usually similar in thickness to the middle-legs; insect not grasshopper-like4343aTerminal appendages of abdomen forming a pair of pincers or forceps4443bTerminal appendages of abdomen not like this 4544aTarsi 3-segmentedDermaptera44bTarsi 1-segmentedDiplura45aTerminal appendages of abdomen long (much more than half the length of the abdomen)4645bTerminal appendages of abdomen short (less than half the length of the abdomen)4846aAbdomen with 3 terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament)Thysanura46bAbdomen with 2 terminal appendages (cerci)4747aTarsi 3-segmented; terminal appendages of abdomen (cerci) unsegmentedDermaptera47bTarsi 1-segmented; terminal appendages of abdomen (cerci) many-segmentedDiplura48aTarsi usually 5-segmented(though sometimes fewer on regenerated legs of Phasmida)4948bTarsi with fewer than 5 segments on all legs5249aFront of head extended downwards to form a beak-like structure with jaws (mandibles) at its tipMecoptera49bNo such beak-like extension of the head5050aProthorax much larger than the headDyctioptera50bProthorax and head of similar size (prothorax at most only slightly larger than the head)5151aCerci 8-segmented and moderately longGrylloblattodea51bCerci unsegmented and very shortPhasmida 52aTarsi usually 4-segmentedIsoptera52bTarsi with fewer than 4 segments5353aTarsi 1-segmentedDiplura53bTarsi 2- or 3-segmented5454aTarsi 2-segmentedZoraptera54bTarsi 3-segmented5555aFront tarsi with first segment greatly swollen; cerci 2-segmentedEmbioptera55bFront tarsi not swollen; cerci unsegmentedPhasmida
(insect without wings - terrestrial - no terminal appendages)
56aInsect living as a parasite on a warm-blooded animal or closely associated with such an animal (i.e. on the body or in the nest or den of a bird or mammal)5756bInsect not parasitic on a warm-blooded animal6157aBody flattened from side to side (jumping insect) Shiponaptera57bBody flattened from top to bottom5858aHead partly withdrawn into the thorax5958bHead not withdrawn into the thorax6059aAntennae short and inconspicuous (much shorter than the head); legs with strong and distinctly hooked tarsal clawsDiptera59bAntennae long and conspicuous (more than twice the length of the head); legs with small and only slightly curved tarsal clawsHemiptera60aAt least the prothorax distinct from the other thoracic segments; legs with small tarsal claws; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting Mallophaga60bAll the thoracic segments fused into a single unit; legs with large tarsal claws which can close tightly against the legs; mouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis for piercing and sucking (proboscis retracted within the head when not in use)Siphunculata61aAntennae absent(minute soil-living insects usually less than 2 mm long)Protura61bAntennae present6262aAbdomen strongly constricted at its base into a narrow petiole or 'waist'; antennae often bent into an elbowed shapeHymenoptera62bAbdomen not constricted into a 'waist'; antennae more or less straight6363aBody covered with dense scales and flattened hairsLepidoptera63bBody bare or with sparse bristle-like hairs6464aMouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis or rostrum for piercing and/or sucking (often folded backwards under the head when not in use)6564bMouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing 6765aTarsi usually 5-segmentedDiptera65bTarsi with fewer than 5 segments6666aProboscis small and cone shaped (much shorter in length than the head) (small slender insect often found in flowers)Thysanoptera66bProboscis or rostrum long and jointed (nearly always longer than the head) (abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end)Hemiptera67aAntennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head)6867bAntennae long and conspicuous (much longer than the head)6968aAbdomen with 6 segments or fewerCollembola68bAbdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible)Larvae of Variuor order69aHead narrower than the body; mandibles very long and protruding forward well in front of the head (clearly visible from above)Larvae of Neuroptera69bHead as wide or nearly as wide as the body; mandibles small and not protruding in front of the head (not visible from above)Psocoptera
(insect without wings - aquatic)
70aMouth-parts with a tube-like 'beak' or with long stylets for piercing and sucking7170bMouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing7271aMouth-parts forming a robust tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) folded backwards under the body when not in useHemiptera71bMouth-parts forming a pair of long and slender stylets extending more or less straight forward in front of the head between the antennae and about as long or longer than the latterLarvae of Neuroptera72aHead with a hinged protrusible grasping organ (or 'mask') bearing large terminal claws (normally folded beneath the head when not in use)Nymphs of Odonata72bNo hinged protrusible 'mask' beneath the head7473aAbdomen with pairs of feather-like or flat plate-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and 3 long terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament)Nymphs of Ephemeroptera73bWithout these features combined7474aAbdomen without lateral appendages but with 2 long terminal appendages (cerci); antennae long and slender (much longer than the head)Nymphs of Plecoptera74bWithout these features combined7575aAbdomen with pairs of multi-jointed feather-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and sometimes a single terminal appendageLarvae of Neuroptera75bAbdomen without lateral appendages (gill filaments) or if such appendages present then always unjointed7676aLast abdominal segment with a pair of fleshy appendages each bearing a strong claw; middle- and hind-legs longer than the width of the thorax; body often enclosed in a tubular case made from small pebbles or other debrisLarvae of Trichoptera76bWithout these features combinedLarvae of ColeopteraCreated with the HTML Table Generator
sumber :
56aInsect living as a parasite on a warm-blooded animal or closely associated with such an animal (i.e. on the body or in the nest or den of a bird or mammal)5756bInsect not parasitic on a warm-blooded animal6157aBody flattened from side to side (jumping insect) Shiponaptera57bBody flattened from top to bottom5858aHead partly withdrawn into the thorax5958bHead not withdrawn into the thorax6059aAntennae short and inconspicuous (much shorter than the head); legs with strong and distinctly hooked tarsal clawsDiptera59bAntennae long and conspicuous (more than twice the length of the head); legs with small and only slightly curved tarsal clawsHemiptera60aAt least the prothorax distinct from the other thoracic segments; legs with small tarsal claws; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting Mallophaga60bAll the thoracic segments fused into a single unit; legs with large tarsal claws which can close tightly against the legs; mouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis for piercing and sucking (proboscis retracted within the head when not in use)Siphunculata61aAntennae absent(minute soil-living insects usually less than 2 mm long)Protura61bAntennae present6262aAbdomen strongly constricted at its base into a narrow petiole or 'waist'; antennae often bent into an elbowed shapeHymenoptera62bAbdomen not constricted into a 'waist'; antennae more or less straight6363aBody covered with dense scales and flattened hairsLepidoptera63bBody bare or with sparse bristle-like hairs6464aMouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis or rostrum for piercing and/or sucking (often folded backwards under the head when not in use)6564bMouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing 6765aTarsi usually 5-segmentedDiptera65bTarsi with fewer than 5 segments6666aProboscis small and cone shaped (much shorter in length than the head) (small slender insect often found in flowers)Thysanoptera66bProboscis or rostrum long and jointed (nearly always longer than the head) (abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end)Hemiptera67aAntennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head)6867bAntennae long and conspicuous (much longer than the head)6968aAbdomen with 6 segments or fewerCollembola68bAbdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible)Larvae of Variuor order69aHead narrower than the body; mandibles very long and protruding forward well in front of the head (clearly visible from above)Larvae of Neuroptera69bHead as wide or nearly as wide as the body; mandibles small and not protruding in front of the head (not visible from above)Psocoptera
70aMouth-parts with a tube-like 'beak' or with long stylets for piercing and sucking7170bMouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing7271aMouth-parts forming a robust tube-like 'beak' (rostrum) folded backwards under the body when not in useHemiptera71bMouth-parts forming a pair of long and slender stylets extending more or less straight forward in front of the head between the antennae and about as long or longer than the latterLarvae of Neuroptera72aHead with a hinged protrusible grasping organ (or 'mask') bearing large terminal claws (normally folded beneath the head when not in use)Nymphs of Odonata72bNo hinged protrusible 'mask' beneath the head7473aAbdomen with pairs of feather-like or flat plate-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and 3 long terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament)Nymphs of Ephemeroptera73bWithout these features combined7474aAbdomen without lateral appendages but with 2 long terminal appendages (cerci); antennae long and slender (much longer than the head)Nymphs of Plecoptera74bWithout these features combined7575aAbdomen with pairs of multi-jointed feather-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and sometimes a single terminal appendageLarvae of Neuroptera75bAbdomen without lateral appendages (gill filaments) or if such appendages present then always unjointed7676aLast abdominal segment with a pair of fleshy appendages each bearing a strong claw; middle- and hind-legs longer than the width of the thorax; body often enclosed in a tubular case made from small pebbles or other debrisLarvae of Trichoptera76bWithout these features combinedLarvae of ColeopteraCreated with the HTML Table Generator
sumber :
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